The objective of this study is to present a literature review and authors’ experience on progress acquired over years in understanding causes and effects of MID of concrete in municipal sewerage system, methods to prevent and control MID from happening, and rehabilitation of already damaged pipes and structures. The last conversion occurs above the liquid level under aerobic condition. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is produced by sulfur reducing bacteria (SRB) in the liquid phase, and then in time, this gas is converted by sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) into sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The acid is produced by a complex series of chemical and biochemical reactions. MID is the result of dilute sulfuric acid dissolving the cement matrix. ![]() Microbiologically induced deterioration (MID) of concrete sewers is a common problem that requires a considerable amount of rehabilitation investment every year. The author concluded that further research in heuristics should focus on hybrid methods and hyper-heuristic techniques for optimizing WDNs, and in addition to the traditional WDN steady-state optimization, it is advisable to address more sustainably the transient design optimization of these networks. Finally, literature pertaining to the deterministic and heuristic optimization models of WDNs is overviewed and categorized and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods in this domain are included, along with some directions for further researches. Additionally, a single- and multi-objective optimization problem is generally formulated, and the main objectives, decision variables and constraints for the design, rehabilitation and operation of WDNs are summarized and explained. The main optimization methods are briefly discussed. ![]() This article provides a comprehensive, systematic overview of the most approached method for numerical optimization and their application to WDN design and operation. ![]() Water distribution networks (WDNs) are systems of water distribution used in urban centers and industrial processes that requires efficient design and operation, which may be achieved through effective application of optimization methods.
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